Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

 

It is a disease caused by the accumulation of more than normal fat in the liver, in this disease the cause of excessive fat accumulation in the liver is not alcohol.


One of the variants of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is NASH. NASH siroza ilerleyebilen bir hastalık olduğundan çok daha önemlidir.

What is NASH?

More than normal fat accumulation in the liver can be seen alone or together with inflammation (inflammation). If fatty liver is accompanied by inflammation, this disease is called NASH. NASH is actually the severe type of fatty liver disease. The name NASH is given by using the initials of the words Non-Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis. 'Steato' means fat, and 'hepatitis' means inflammation of the liver. In NASH disease, fat in your liver and hepatitis are associated with liver cell damage, which can lead to the formation of scar tissue in the liver, which we call fibrosis, over time. In NASH disease, cirrhosis occurs when this scar increases in parallel with the damage over the years. NASH is therefore a disease that can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.

What are the symptoms of fatty liver disease?

Fatty liver disease or NASH usually causes no symptoms. Rarely, it may cause weakness, feeling unwell, restlessness, fullness or mild pain in the upper right part of the abdomen. The cause of the pain here is the enlargement of the liver with excessive accumulation of fat in the liver, stretching the liver capsule. Symptoms usually appear years after cirrhosis develops, so NASH is considered an insidious disease. In advanced stages of cirrhosis, symptoms such as swelling, enlargement of the spleen, yellowing of the eyes, redness of the palms, shedding of chest hair in men and breast enlargement can be seen due to fluid accumulation in the abdomen.

Is fatty liver disease a serious disease?

Since fatty liver disease is a disease that can lead to cirrhosis, it is a disease that should definitely be taken seriously. Fortunately, we know that at least 80% of those with fatty liver do not develop any serious health problems. However, in 10-20% of cases, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe form of the disease, which occurs with inflammation of liver cells, may develop. NASH is more likely to occur in patients with fatty liver detected on ultrasound and elevated liver tests. NASH can lead to potentially fatal diseases such as irreversible liver damage, cirrhosis and even liver cancer. In the past, we could not find the cause of cirrhosis in a significant number of patients who were diagnosed with cirrhosis. Today, it has been understood that the most important cause of cirrhosis in these patients is fatty liver disease. If NASH has caused cirrhosis and cirrhosis has progressed to liver failure, a liver transplant may be needed to survive.

Cheetah

 

Cheetah is a member of the feline family and is known to run faster than other mammals. Today, the majority of the species lives in Southern and Eastern Africa. A very small community also lives in the Khorasan region of Iran. Hunting cheetahs are seen in miniatures depicting hunting scenes of 15th, 16th and 17th centuries Sultans. He has spots on his body and black lines that go from under his eyes to his mouth and chin. These lines attract the sun's rays and thus, unlike other predators, they can hunt with a more comfortable sight even in the hottest hours of the day. It is the fastest running land animal in the world. Its name comes from the Sanskrit word "Chitraka" meaning spotted.

It is an animal that hunts by taking advantage of its high speed, instead of hunting in packs or hiding like lions. It can accelerate from zero to 108 km/h in just 3.1 seconds. When he runs more than 460 meters, his body temperature rises above 46 degrees, which can damage the cheetah's brain. That's why its run while hunting is usually less than a minute. Experts consider that there are less than 10,000 wild cheetahs in the world.


Female cheetahs reach puberty at the age of twenty to twenty-four months. Male cheetahs, on the other hand, reach this stage at the age of twelve months. In contrast, sexual intercourse rarely occurs before the age of three. The mortality rate in cheetah cubs is 90%. They are often attacked by hyenas and eagles. Cubs are usually separated from their mothers at 13-20 months of age. Although cheetahs can live longer than 20 years, they often live shorter because of their speed, which decreases with age.


Although cheetahs run fast, they only succeed in half of their hunting attempts. Cheetahs owe their fast running ability to their light, thin bones. For this reason, it has been seen that while cheetahs eat their prey in one place, if predators such as lions and hyenas come, they withdraw from that area and leave their prey there. Because hyenas have very strong jaws. The thin bones of the cheetah are more vulnerable to strong jaws. One of the reasons cheetahs run fast is because their tails are long. For cheetahs, the tail also helps during running. Cheetahs prey on herbivores such as gazelles and impalas. However, gazelles and impalas are the fastest maneuvering animals in the world. Despite their high speed, cheetahs can make sharp turns by using their tails as a rudder. When cheetahs reach maximum speed, the distance between each step can reach about 15 meters. These long strides are a factor that gives them speed.

Shigella

It is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is a gram negative, non-motile, non-sporeless, non-encapsulated, facultative anaerobic, oxidative and fermentative metabolism bacillus that is pathogenic for humans. Bacteria of the genus Shigella (O) are divided into groups as A, B, C, D according to their somatic antigen structures and their effects on mannitol. These groups are; S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei.

Mannit Negative Shigella s S. dysenteriae (Serogroup A)

Serovar A1 (S. dysenteriae = Shiga bacillus)

Serovar A2 (S. schmitzii)

Serovars A3-7 (in S. arabinotar)

Serovars A8-12

Mannit Positive Shigella s S. flexneri (Serogroup B, serovars; B 1-6,X, Y)

S. boydii (Serogroup C, serovar; C 1-18)

S. sonnei (Serogroup D, serovar; D)

Although Shigella are immobile, movement is seen only in Shigella flexneri with Type-1 fimbria. Shigella are distinguished from Salmonella by being inactive. They make bacteriocin (colisine), which acts on other gut bacteria. When the bacteria is lysed, the somatic antigen (O) is released, which is in lipoprotein structure and has endotoxin properties. Of the Shigella, only Shigella dysenteriae secretes exotoxin to the environment. Shigellas cause edema, profuse mucus secretion, abscesses and ulcerations in the large intestinal mucosal epithelium. While these bacteria can survive for a long time in watery, moist and sunless environments, they are not resistant to high heat, sunlight and antiseptics.

Its Diseases

Shigella bacterium appears with the appearance of abdominal pain, nasal congestion and bloody diarrhea after 12 hours or 2-6 days of incubation period after ingestion with food and drink. If Shigella is isolated with these findings, this disease is called Bacillary Dysentery.

Epidemiology and Prevention

Since the host of Basil Dysentery is human, preventive methods should be applied for people who are sick and carriers. For this; faeces and other wastes should be disposed of in appropriate sewer systems, drinking and utility water should be clean and controlled, food and beverages should be prepared in accordance with health conditions, porters (carriers) should be identified and treated, and they should not be employed in food-prepared sections.

Cure

It is done on antibiotics. Sick people need to be fed in a way to relieve pain and prevent water and electrolyte loss.